Xunzi lived when hundreds of philosophical schools of thought co-existed, some of which he absorbed, others he reproached. Himself a Confucianist, he criticised Mencius. Two central figures of the Legalist School, Han Fei and Li Si, were his students. The Mohists, to him, lacked humanist perspectives. The Taoists, to him, neglected man’s place in the universe. The Legalists, he thought, had too much faith in law-making and not enough in upstanding individuals. All the oppositions, contradictions, synthesisation and variations in Xunzi’s writing were a freethinking reflection of his time.
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